Marshall McLuhan
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| - | [[image:Marshall-mcluhan.jpg|400px|thumb|<center>"Herbert" Marshall McLuhan <br> <b> Born</b>: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada <br> July 21, 1911 <br> <b>Died</b>: Toronto, Ontario, Canada <br> December 31, 1980 <ref> https://verbooom.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/understanding-the-philosophy-of-marshall-mcluhan/ </ref>]] | + | [[image:Marshall-mcluhan.jpg|400px|thumb|<center>"Herbert" Marshall McLuhan <br> <b> Born</b>: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada <br> July 21, 1911 <br> <b>Died</b>: Toronto, Ontario, Canada <br> December 31, 1980 <ref> "Understanding the Philosophy of Marshall McLuhan." Verbum. Wordpress, 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. https://verbooom.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/understanding-the-philosophy-of-marshall-mcluhan/ </ref>]] |
| - | Marshall McLuhan[http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/] was a Canadian philosopher and father to the study of the digital media generation. He is considered one of the most influential and controversial intellectuals in the new wave of academic and technological understanding. He noted that the differences in human perspectives are not solely judged upon ideas, but that technology plays a vital role as well."<i>The medium is the message</i>" <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message</ref> is the most notorious phrase created by McLuhan to summarize his ideals on the role of a message and its relationship with the choice of medium. McLuhan stressed the importance in knowing the purpose behind a message and appropriately delivering it. He wanted to know the <i>HOW</i> aspects more than the <i>WHAT</i> ideas about a medium's structure. | + | Marshall McLuhan[http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/] was a Canadian philosopher and father to the study of the digital media[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media generation]. He is considered one of the most influential and controversial intellectuals in the new wave of academic and technological understanding. He noted that the differences in human perspectives are not solely judged upon ideas, but that technology plays a vital role as well."<i>The medium is the message</i>" <ref>Wikipedia contributors. "The medium is the message." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 13 Apr. 2015. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message</ref> is the most notorious phrase created by McLuhan to summarize his ideals on the role of a message and its relationship with the choice of medium. McLuhan stressed the importance in knowing the purpose behind a message and appropriately delivering it - <i>digital literacy</i><ref> https://webservices.itcs.umich.edu/mediawiki/DigitalRhetoricCollaborative/index.php/Digital_Literacy] </ref>. He wanted to know the <i>HOW</i> aspects more than the <i>WHAT</i> ideas about a medium's structure. |
| - | McLuhan plays a prominent role in the formation and development of digital media, which has now burgeoned into a entirely separate topic itself, as AdWeek reports that digital media will "surpass total TV by 2018" <ref> http://www.adweek.com/news/television/digital-media-now-bigger-national-tv-advertising-will-surpass-total-tv-2018-158360 </ref>. He created a platform for media thinking and advanced the 20th century into a new dimension of thought. | + | McLuhan plays a prominent role in the formation and development of digital media, which has now burgeoned into a entirely separate topic itself, as AdWeek reports that digital media will "surpass total TV by 2018" <ref> Thielman, Sam. "Digital Media Is Now Bigger Than National TV Advertising, Will Surpass Total TV by 2018." AdWeek. AdWeek, 16 June 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.adweek.com/news/television/digital-media-now-bigger-national-tv-advertising-will-surpass-total-tv-2018-158360 </ref>. He created a platform for media thinking and advanced the 20th century into a new dimension of thought. |
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=Background= | =Background= | ||
| - | Marshall graduated with a B.A. from the University of | + | Marshall graduated with a B.A. from the University of Manitobe[http://umanitoba.ca/]while also winning the University Gold Medal in Arts and Sciences in 1932. |
| - | + | Within two years, he graduated with a M.A.<ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. | |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
Both degrees were studied in the English field. | Both degrees were studied in the English field. | ||
| - | He then continued his graduate studies at the University of Cambridge [http://www.cam.ac.uk/], finishing two dissertations (one at Cambridge and another at St. Louis) and ultimately receiving his Ph.D. in Literature in 1942. <ref> http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | + | He then continued his graduate studies at the University of Cambridge [http://www.cam.ac.uk/], finishing two dissertations (one at Cambridge and another at St. Louis) and ultimately receiving his Ph.D. in Literature in 1942. <ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
==Personal Life== | ==Personal Life== | ||
| - | McLuhan married Corinne Keller Lewis in 1939 after meeting in St. Louis. <ref> | + | McLuhan married Corinne Keller Lewis in 1939 after meeting in St. Louis. <ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> |
| - | They have two sons and four daughters: Eric, Mary, Theresa, Stephanie, Elizabeth, and Michael. <ref> http://www.nndb.com/people/869/000047728/ </ref> | + | They have two sons and four daughters: Eric, Mary, Theresa, Stephanie, Elizabeth, and Michael. <ref> "Marshall McLuhan." Marshall McLuhan. Soylent Communications, 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.nndb.com/people/869/000047728/ </ref> | ||
Today, Eric McLuhan is a primary figure in accelerating his father's ideas and contributing to the advancement in the digital humanities. | Today, Eric McLuhan is a primary figure in accelerating his father's ideas and contributing to the advancement in the digital humanities. | ||
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===Centre for Culture and Technology=== | ===Centre for Culture and Technology=== | ||
| - | [[image:Mmclassroom.jpg|400px|thumb|left|<i> Example of a McLuhan seminar</i><ref>http://heritage.utoronto.ca/fedora/repository/default%3A9313</ref>]] | + | [[image:Mmclassroom.jpg|400px|thumb|left|<i> Example of a McLuhan seminar</i><ref>"Centre for Culture and Technology - Marshall ..." Centre for Culture and Technology. University of Toronto, 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://heritage.utoronto.ca/fedora/repository/default%3A9313</ref>]] | ||
| Line 36: | Line 40: | ||
McLuhan ended up meeting numerous beneficial people in his work study and produced some of his most notable works during this time. | McLuhan ended up meeting numerous beneficial people in his work study and produced some of his most notable works during this time. | ||
| - | McLuhan and his oldest son, Eric McLuhan <ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_McLuhan </ref>, worked together on a project to create a construction of his ideas in the 1970s. | + | McLuhan and his oldest son, Eric McLuhan <ref> Wikipedia contributors. "Eric McLuhan." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 Sep. 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_McLuhan </ref>, worked together on a project to create a construction of his ideas in the 1970s. | ||
The ideas were organized and grouped into the "4 Laws of Media" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrad_of_media_effects 4 Laws of Media]: | The ideas were organized and grouped into the "4 Laws of Media" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrad_of_media_effects 4 Laws of Media]: | ||
| - | :every technology<ref> http://www.nndb.com/people/869/000047728/ </ref> | + | :every technology<ref> "Marshall McLuhan." Marshall McLuhan. Soylent Communications, 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.nndb.com/people/869/000047728/ </ref> | ||
::1) <span style="background:#FFFF00">enhances</span> part of our culture | ::1) <span style="background:#FFFF00">enhances</span> part of our culture | ||
::2) <span style="background:#FFFF00">obsolesces</span> aspects previously enhanced | ::2) <span style="background:#FFFF00">obsolesces</span> aspects previously enhanced | ||
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The current program continues to operate at the University of Toronto. | The current program continues to operate at the University of Toronto. | ||
| - | The goal of the institute is to facilitate knowledge about technological effects on culture and society from a "theoretical and practical" <ref> http://mcluhan.ischool.utoronto.ca/ </ref> perspective. | + | The goal of the institute is to facilitate knowledge about technological effects on culture and society from a "theoretical and practical" <ref> "Homepage - McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology." McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology. University of Toronto, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://mcluhan.ischool.utoronto.ca/ </ref> perspective. |
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*The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects (1967) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Medium_Is_the_Message] | *The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects (1967) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Medium_Is_the_Message] | ||
:*origin of his most popular phrase <i>"the medium is the message"</i> | :*origin of his most popular phrase <i>"the medium is the message"</i> | ||
| - | :*McLuhan gave a lecture on it in 1977 <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImaH51F4HBw</ref> | + | :*McLuhan gave a lecture on it in 1977 <ref> Marshall Mcluhan Full Lecture: The Medium Is the Message - 1977 Part 1 v 3. Perf. Marshall McLuhan. YouTube. YouTube, 9 Aug. 2011. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImaH51F4HBw</ref> |
*War and Peace in the Global Village (1968) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_in_the_Global_Village] | *War and Peace in the Global Village (1968) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_in_the_Global_Village] | ||
*Culture is Our Business (1970) [http://www.amazon.com/Culture-Our-Business-Marshall-McLuhan/dp/1625648286] | *Culture is Our Business (1970) [http://www.amazon.com/Culture-Our-Business-Marshall-McLuhan/dp/1625648286] | ||
*From Cliché to Archetype (1970) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Clich%C3%A9_to_Archetype] | *From Cliché to Archetype (1970) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Clich%C3%A9_to_Archetype] | ||
| - | + | =Awards= | |
| - | Albert Schweitzer Chair in the Humanities at Fordham University (1967-68) <ref>http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/</ref> | + | Albert Schweitzer Chair in the Humanities at Fordham University (1967-68) <ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| - | Honorary Award in Culture and Communication at Niagara University (1967)<ref>http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/</ref> | + | Honorary Award in Culture and Communication at Niagara University (1967)<ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| - | Molson Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Social Sciences (1967) <ref>http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/</ref> | + | Molson Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Social Sciences (1967) <ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| - | Companion of the Order of Canada (1970)<ref>http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/</ref> | + | Companion of the Order of Canada (1970) <ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| - | Gold Medal Award from the President of the Italian Republic (1971)<ref>http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/</ref> | + | Gold Medal Award from the President of the Italian Republic (1971)<ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| - | Consultor of the Pontifical Commission for Social Communications by Vatican (1973)<ref>http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/</ref> | + | Consultor of the Pontifical Commission for Social Communications by Vatican (1973)<ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| - | "Man of Achievement” Diploma from the International Biographical Centre in Cambridge (1975)<ref>http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/</ref> | + | "Man of Achievement” Diploma from the International Biographical Centre in Cambridge (1975)<ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| - | McDermott Chair at the University of Dallas (1975)<ref>http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/</ref> | + | McDermott Chair at the University of Dallas (1975)<ref> Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. |
| + | http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/ </ref> | ||
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[[Image:Screenshot12.png|400px|thumb|left|Marshall McLuhan's Unofficial Twitter page]] | [[Image:Screenshot12.png|400px|thumb|left|Marshall McLuhan's Unofficial Twitter page]] | ||
Although McLuhan sparked new theories and continues to fuel debates across the scientific platform, he is not remembered for speaking often. | Although McLuhan sparked new theories and continues to fuel debates across the scientific platform, he is not remembered for speaking often. | ||
| - | Therefore, websites have collected unpublished works, past theses, and even recordings of McLuhan saying his infamous quotes < | + | Therefore, websites have collected unpublished works, past theses, and even recordings of McLuhan saying his infamous quotes "Marshall McLuhan." Wikiquote, . 13 Apr 2015, 15:02 UTC. 23 Apr 2015, 12:47 <http://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Marshall_McLuhan&oldid=1899804>. |
This allows anyone, from fans to students, to be able to capture the style of McLuhan's lecture online. | This allows anyone, from fans to students, to be able to capture the style of McLuhan's lecture online. | ||
He continues to prosper after his death as he convinced public opinion to have a "questioning" mentality on the reasoning for any situation involving a medium. | He continues to prosper after his death as he convinced public opinion to have a "questioning" mentality on the reasoning for any situation involving a medium. | ||
| - | McLuhan even has his own Twitter [http://www.twitter.com/] account < | + | McLuhan even has his own Twitter [http://www.twitter.com/] account that consists of his famous quotes and any news relating to himself. |
| + | |||
| + | <b>[https://twitter.com/marshallmcluhan/status/464551758644391936 "With the arrival of TV and its iconic mosaic image, the everyday life situations began to seem very square, indeed."]</b> | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
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=External Links= | =External Links= | ||
| - | + | * [http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/ Marshall McLuhan] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media Digital Media] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan Marshall McLuhan Wiki] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanical_Bride:_Folklore_of_Industrial_Man The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gutenberg_Galaxy The Gutenberg Galaxy] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding_Media Understanding Media] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Medium_Is_the_Message The Medium is the Message] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_in_the_Global_Village War and Peace in the Global Village] | |
| - | + | * [http://www.amazon.com/Culture-Our-Business-Marshall-McLuhan/dp/1625648286 Culture Our Business (Amazon)] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Clich%C3%A9_to_Archetype From Cliche to Archetype] | |
| - | + | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrad_of_media_effects 4 Laws of Media] | |
| - | + | * [http://umanitoba.ca/ University of Manitoba] | |
| - | + | * [http://www.cam.ac.uk/ University of Cambridge] | |
| - | + | * [http://www.wisc.edu/ University of Wisconsin-Madison] | |
| - | + | * [http://www.slu.edu/ St. Louis University] | |
| - | + | * [http://www.assumptionu.ca/ Assumption University] | |
| - | + | * [http://stmikes.utoronto.ca/ <br/> University of Toronto, St. Michael's] | |
| + | * [http://www.twitter.com/ Twitter] | ||
| + | * [https://twitter.com/marshallmcluhan Marshall McLuhan Twitter] | ||
| + | |||
| + | --[[User:Angehan@uga.edu|Angehan@uga.edu]] 08:57, 23 April 2015 (EDT)Ange B. Han | ||
Current revision
Born: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
July 21, 1911
Died: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
December 31, 1980 [1]
Marshall McLuhan[1] was a Canadian philosopher and father to the study of the digital mediageneration. He is considered one of the most influential and controversial intellectuals in the new wave of academic and technological understanding. He noted that the differences in human perspectives are not solely judged upon ideas, but that technology plays a vital role as well."The medium is the message" [2] is the most notorious phrase created by McLuhan to summarize his ideals on the role of a message and its relationship with the choice of medium. McLuhan stressed the importance in knowing the purpose behind a message and appropriately delivering it - digital literacy[3]. He wanted to know the HOW aspects more than the WHAT ideas about a medium's structure.
McLuhan plays a prominent role in the formation and development of digital media, which has now burgeoned into a entirely separate topic itself, as AdWeek reports that digital media will "surpass total TV by 2018" [4]. He created a platform for media thinking and advanced the 20th century into a new dimension of thought.
Contents |
[edit] Background
Marshall graduated with a B.A. from the University of Manitobe[2]while also winning the University Gold Medal in Arts and Sciences in 1932. Within two years, he graduated with a M.A.[5] Both degrees were studied in the English field.
He then continued his graduate studies at the University of Cambridge [3], finishing two dissertations (one at Cambridge and another at St. Louis) and ultimately receiving his Ph.D. in Literature in 1942. [6]
[edit] Personal Life
McLuhan married Corinne Keller Lewis in 1939 after meeting in St. Louis. [7] They have two sons and four daughters: Eric, Mary, Theresa, Stephanie, Elizabeth, and Michael. [8] Today, Eric McLuhan is a primary figure in accelerating his father's ideas and contributing to the advancement in the digital humanities.
[edit] Career
Marshall's first teaching position was at the University of Wisconsin-Madison [4] from 1936-1937. After a year, he taught at St. Louis University [5] from 1937-1944. He accepted a position at Assumption University [6] from 1944-1946. Marshall became an official professor in 1952 amidst his time teaching at St. Michael's College, University of Toronto [7] from 1946-1979.
[edit] Centre for Culture and Technology
The program first opened in 1963 as an attempt for the University of Toronto to keep McLuhan as well as provide a setting for further research and development.
McLuhan ended up meeting numerous beneficial people in his work study and produced some of his most notable works during this time.
McLuhan and his oldest son, Eric McLuhan [10], worked together on a project to create a construction of his ideas in the 1970s. The ideas were organized and grouped into the "4 Laws of Media" 4 Laws of Media:
- every technology[11]
- 1) enhances part of our culture
- 2) obsolesces aspects previously enhanced
- 3) retrieves elements previously obsolesced
- 4) reverses or "flips" into something else when pushed to the extreme
The current program continues to operate at the University of Toronto. The goal of the institute is to facilitate knowledge about technological effects on culture and society from a "theoretical and practical" [12] perspective.
[edit] Published Works
- The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (1951) [8]
- The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Topographic Man (1962) [9]
- popularized the term "global village"
- introduced the idea that the Internet was simply an "extension of consciousness"
- Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964) [10]
- The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects (1967) [11]
- origin of his most popular phrase "the medium is the message"
- McLuhan gave a lecture on it in 1977 [13]
- War and Peace in the Global Village (1968) [12]
- Culture is Our Business (1970) [13]
- From Cliché to Archetype (1970) [14]
[edit] Awards
Albert Schweitzer Chair in the Humanities at Fordham University (1967-68) [14]
Honorary Award in Culture and Communication at Niagara University (1967)[15]
Molson Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Social Sciences (1967) [16]
Companion of the Order of Canada (1970) [17]
Gold Medal Award from the President of the Italian Republic (1971)[18]
Consultor of the Pontifical Commission for Social Communications by Vatican (1973)[19]
"Man of Achievement” Diploma from the International Biographical Centre in Cambridge (1975)[20]
McDermott Chair at the University of Dallas (1975)[21]
[edit] Relevance Today
Although McLuhan sparked new theories and continues to fuel debates across the scientific platform, he is not remembered for speaking often. Therefore, websites have collected unpublished works, past theses, and even recordings of McLuhan saying his infamous quotes "Marshall McLuhan." Wikiquote, . 13 Apr 2015, 15:02 UTC. 23 Apr 2015, 12:47 <http://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Marshall_McLuhan&oldid=1899804>. This allows anyone, from fans to students, to be able to capture the style of McLuhan's lecture online. He continues to prosper after his death as he convinced public opinion to have a "questioning" mentality on the reasoning for any situation involving a medium. McLuhan even has his own Twitter [15] account that consists of his famous quotes and any news relating to himself.
[edit] References
- ↑ "Understanding the Philosophy of Marshall McLuhan." Verbum. Wordpress, 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. https://verbooom.wordpress.com/2012/12/11/understanding-the-philosophy-of-marshall-mcluhan/
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors. "The medium is the message." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 13 Apr. 2015. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message
- ↑ https://webservices.itcs.umich.edu/mediawiki/DigitalRhetoricCollaborative/index.php/Digital_Literacy]
- ↑ Thielman, Sam. "Digital Media Is Now Bigger Than National TV Advertising, Will Surpass Total TV by 2018." AdWeek. AdWeek, 16 June 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.adweek.com/news/television/digital-media-now-bigger-national-tv-advertising-will-surpass-total-tv-2018-158360
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ "Marshall McLuhan." Marshall McLuhan. Soylent Communications, 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.nndb.com/people/869/000047728/
- ↑ "Centre for Culture and Technology - Marshall ..." Centre for Culture and Technology. University of Toronto, 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://heritage.utoronto.ca/fedora/repository/default%3A9313
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors. "Eric McLuhan." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 Sep. 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_McLuhan
- ↑ "Marshall McLuhan." Marshall McLuhan. Soylent Communications, 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.nndb.com/people/869/000047728/
- ↑ "Homepage - McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology." McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology. University of Toronto, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://mcluhan.ischool.utoronto.ca/
- ↑ Marshall Mcluhan Full Lecture: The Medium Is the Message - 1977 Part 1 v 3. Perf. Marshall McLuhan. YouTube. YouTube, 9 Aug. 2011. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImaH51F4HBw
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
- ↑ Gordon, Terrence. "Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan." Who Was Marshall McLuhan? – The Estate of Marshall McLuhan. The Estate of Corinne & Marshall McLuhan, July 2002. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/biography/
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