Spatial

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[edit] Spatial Affordance

The Spatial Affordance in multimedia is a concept that refers to the ability of a digital medium to represent space, as well as encourage navigation through that space via organization and spatial metaphors. Affordances, including the spatial affordance, as well as the procedural affordance, participatory affordance, and the encyclopedic affordance, suggest how an entity could or should be used.[1] Spatial affordances employ a hierarchy of labels, where each space possesses its own label and function. When spatial affordances are appropriately used, the labels of each space will make obvious the space’s function.

The spatial affordance in digital media is understood today based on work in fields such as wayfinding, mapping, and curation, which primarily consider the spatial affordances of physical entities. Specifically, articles discussing the ability of wayfinding and mapping to encourage navigation have influenced how space is utilized in digital media.


Contents


[edit] Background

The concept of affordances was first introduced by James Gibson (1979)[2] referring to the “action possibilities” of an object. For example, throwing is an action possibility of a ball the size of one’s hand. This concept was then expanded by Donald Norman (1988)[3] to include the “perceived and actual properties” of an entity. Affordances then also referred to the inherent quality of an object that a user is able to perceive. Because an affordance is also based on user perception, the possibilities of an object are dependent on the user.[4][5]


Janet Murray, one of the forefront authors on affordances, has since defined affordances in the context of digital text. She describes it as “A concept used in the field of human computer interaction to describe the functional properties of objects or environments – the properties that allow particular uses.[6] For example, a blackboard affords writing and erasing, a low, flat, supported surface 30 inches square affords sitting.” Murray asserts that there are four affordances that are useful for representation within the digital realm: procedural, participatory, encyclopedic, and spatial. [7]

[edit] Janet Murray's Spatial Affordance

The cover of Janet Murray's Inventing the Medium.
The cover of Janet Murray's Inventing the Medium.

Janet Murray is the author of several texts concerning affordances in digital media. Notable books of her's include Inventing the Medium, which defines the spatial affordance as such:


"With the encyclopedic, participatory, and procedural properties, (the spatial affordance is) one of the four defining representational affordances of the digital medium. Digital environments can represent space using all the strategies of traditional media, such as maps, images, video tracking, and three-dimensional models. Unlike older media, however, and similarly to the experiential world and the designed spaces of landscapers, urban planners, and architects, digital media artifacts can be navigated. This affordance is not a function of visual representation, since it can be produced in text adventure games like Zork and Adventure, which created navigable spaces without any images. It is by-product of the procedural and participatory affordances, of setting up rules of interaction that have the consistency of navigating a fixed landscape, and of the innate human propensity to make sense of the world through spatial metaphors: we are predisposed to spatialized our experience, turning the appearance of text on our screen into the experience of “visiting’ web sites. Navigable space is created by clearly distinguishing one place from another and creating consistent interaction patterns that support movement between spaces. When encyclopedically large and detailed informational spaces or virtual worlds are well organized with clear boundaries, consistent navigation, and encyclopedic details that reward exploration they create the experience of immersion." [8]


According to Murray's definition, spatial affordances do not represent real space, but instead act as abstractions that may be used to fulfill certain functions or provide certain pieces of information. The spatial affordances of a computer are not simply the images on the computer screen, but are the symbols, such as file folders or the computer's recycle bin, that reinforce the function of the symbols when the user interacts with them. All of the spatial affordances working together in a text create the usability and navigation of the text.

[edit] Conventions and Visual Design Concepts of the Spatial Affordance

Murray writes that the visual organization of a digital text should use visual conventions to orient the user and allow for easier user navigation. For example, using grids or tables will allow readers to understand contrasting elements, and using relative size and color of font will allow users to distinguish similar and dissimilar text.

"Because we are attuned to the spatial characteristics of digital environments, users assume that spatial positioning is meaningful and related to function."[9] Therefore, Murray suggests that designers considering spatial affordances should be weary of using purely decorative elements. Decorations include fanciful images or texts that appear dissimilar from the rest of the images and text. The contrast in appearance with decorative images or text will likely issue users to assume that these elements have a different functionality associated with them. Expecting the decorations to be functional, users will attempt to interact with them, and then users will become angry when their interaction is unsuccessful.

According to Murray, every design choice relates to a user's ability to interact with a text, making it important for the designer to consider every stylistic convention and decoration of text.[10]

[edit] Spatial Affordance Concepts

[edit] Wayfinding

An example of Wayfinding use at an airport.
An example of Wayfinding use at an airport.

Before digital media, there were (and still are) processes that focused on how to best use a space to send messages and provide cues to those who interacted with that space. This process is called wayfinding. Wayfinding uses lighting, color, architecture, etc. to help users navigate a space, and when best done, users should not notice that they are subject to it.

Wayfinding considers spatial affordances by analyzing how each space affects a surrounding space. In the context of both digital and non-digital texts, wayfinding utilizes spatial affordances in attempts to “establish a sense of place” for users so that an entire space is easily navigated.[11] For example, appropriate use of wayfinding in an airport includes the use of organized and clearly labeled signs and obvious symbols for food and restroom stations. Poor wayfinding occurs when a user's navigation of space is disrupted by inappropriate use of the spatial affordance. [12]

[edit] Mapping

Mapping provides another example of how to think about the use of spatial affordances. Maps have “postings,” such as streets, churches, neighborhoods, and cities. These postings are organized in a hierarchal fashion that convey the level of authority each posting has in relation to one another. Maps use symbols, such as a cross for a church or a book for a school, that are meant to act as spatial representations that allow for the seamless navigation of the map. In maps, each symbol is viewed in relation to another, which implies something about the individual spaces and the overall space of the map. For example, the relative size of each symbol may reveal the symbol's importance or it may suggest the entity represented by the symbol's physical size in relation to another entity. Similarly, in digital texts this concept is used by representing space with navigation bars, headings, and multiple layers of text to encourage navigation.[13]

[edit] Curation

Museum curation also is based on utilizing spatial affordances. Research by Jean Wineman and John Peponis from the Georgia Institute of Technology suggests that human behavioral patterns are directly linked to spatial elements that encourage access and visibility. Wineman & Peponis (2010) stress that the use of the space and the physical structure of a museum exhibit entirely affects a visitor’s impression, learning, and interaction with the exhibit[14], just as the use of the spatial affordance in digital texts affects a user’s ability to navigate a digital text.


[edit] Examples of Spatial Affordance Use

Within any text, affordances of space are used, but there are some digital texts that have been considered to best use the spatial affordance. Example texts include:


[edit] External Links


[edit] References

  1. ↑ https://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/affordances.html
  2. ↑ Gibson, James J. (1979) The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
  3. ↑ Norman, Donald A. (1988): The Design of Everyday Things. New York, Doubleday
  4. ↑ http://mystsphdquest.blogspot.com/2012/11/spatial-affordances.html
  5. ↑ https://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/affordances.html
  6. ↑ Murray, Janet H. Inventing the Medium: Principles of Interaction Design as a Cultural Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2012.
  7. ↑ Murray, Janet H. Inventing the Medium: Principles of Interaction Design as a Cultural Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2012.
  8. ↑ http://inventingthemedium.com/glossary/#spatial
  9. ↑ Murray, Janet H. Inventing the Medium: Principles of Interaction Design as a Cultural Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2012
  10. ↑ Murray, Janet H. Inventing the Medium: Principles of Interaction Design as a Cultural Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2012
  11. ↑ http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/06/how-you-know-where-youre-going-when-youre-in-an-airport/372537/
  12. ↑ http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/06/how-you-know-where-youre-going-when-youre-in-an-airport/372537/
  13. ↑ http://makingmaps.owu.edu/this_is_not_krygier_wood.pdf
  14. ↑ Wineman, Jean D., and John Peponis. "Constructing Spatial Meaning: Spatial Affordances In Museum Design." Environment And Behavior 42.1 (2010): 86-109. ERIC. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.
  15. ↑ i. http://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2013/web/general-website/associations/
  16. ↑ http://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2014/web/website-features-and-design/best-navigationstructure/
  17. ↑ http://pv.webbyawards.com/2015/web/website-features-and-design/best-navigationstructure
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